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O and List of Diwans of Travancore: Difference between pages

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{{short description|None}}
{{About|the letter of the alphabet|the number zero|0|other uses}}
{{Technical reasons|:O|the keyboard symbol|List of emoticons}}
{{pp-pc1|small=yes}}
{{Infobox grapheme
|name=O
|letter=O o
|variations=([[O#Related characters|See below]])
|image=File:O cursiva.gif
|imagesize=200
|imagealt=Writing cursive forms of O
|script=[[Latin script]]
|type=[[Alphabet]]
|typedesc=ic
|language=[[Latin language]]
|phonemes=[{{IPAlink|o}}]<br>[{{IPAlink|o̞}}]<br>[{{IPAlink|ɔ}}]<br>{{IPAc-en|oʊ}}<br>[{{IPAlink|uː}}]<br>[{{IPAlink|ʌ}}]<br>[{{IPAlink|ɒ}}]<br>[{{IPAlink|ø}}]<br>[{{IPAlink|a}}]<br>[{{IPAlink|ʕ}}]<br>[{{IPAlink|w}}]<br>[{{IPAlink|ʷ|◌ʷ}}]<br>[{{IPAlink|ʊ}}]
|unicode=U+004F, U+006F
|alphanumber=15
|number=
|fam1=<hiero>D4</hiero>
|fam2=[[File:Proto-semiticO-01.svg|20px|Proto-sinaitic ʿayin]]
|fam3=[[File:Protoayin.svg|20px]]
|fam4=[[File:Phoenician_ayin.svg|20px|Phoenician Ayin]]
|fam5=[[Omicron|Ο ο]]
|fam6=[[𐌏]]
|usageperiod=~-700 to present
|children={{bull}}[[Ö]]<br>{{bull}}[[ⱺ]]<br>{{bull}}[[Ø]]<br>{{bull}}[[Œ]]<br>{{bull}}[[Ɔ]]<br>{{bull}}[[Ơ]]<br>{{bull}}[[Ỏ]]<br>{{bull}}[[Ꝋ]]<br>{{bull}}[[∅]]<br>{{bull}}[[º]]<br>{{bull}}℅
|sisters=[[ᴥ]]<br>[[Ƹ]]<br>[[ʿ]]<br>[[О]]<br>[[Ю]]<br>[[Ө]]<br>[[Ayin|ע<br>ع<br>ܥ]]<br>[[ࠏ]]<br>[[ዐ]]<br>[[ࡘ]]<br>[[ჺ]]<br>[[wikt:Ո|Ո]] [[wikt:ո|ո]]<br>[[wikt:Օ|Օ]]ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
|direction=Left-to-Right
}}
{{Latin letter info|o}}
'''O''' or '''o''' is the 15th [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] in the [[ISO basic Latin alphabet]] and the fourth [[vowel letter]] in the [[English alphabet|modern English alphabet]].<!--it's not necessarily the 4th vowel in Basic Latin, as <j> is sometimes used as a vowel.--> Its name in English is [[English alphabet#Letter names|''o'']] (pronounced {{IPAc-en|'|oʊ}}), plural [[English alphabet#Letter names|''oes'']].<ref>"O" ''Oxford English Dictionary,'' 2nd edition (1989);[http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=o&title=21st ''Chambers-Happap''], "oes" ''op. cit.'' ''Oes'' is the plural of the name of the letter. The plural of the letter itself is rendered ''O''s, O's, ''o''s, o's.</ref>
<!--|[[File:Proto-semiticO-01.svg]]
|[[File:PhoenicianO-01.svg|65px]]
|[[File:EtruscanO-01.svg|65px]]
|[[File:Omicron uc lc.svg|65px]]
|}-->
 
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
==History==
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
Its graphic form has remained fairly constant from [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]] times until today. The name of the [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]] letter was
The '''Diwan''' or '''Dewan of Travancore''' was the [[head of government]] of [[Travancore]] in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, serving at the pleasure of the [[Maharaja]], corresponding to a [[prime minister]], and consisting in the formal titles '''Valiya''' '''Sarvadhikaryakar''' and [[Dalavayi|'''Dalawa''']] until the insurrection of [[Velu Thampi Dalawa]] and administrative reforms of [[John Munro, 9th of Teaninich|John Munro]]. Post-Munro, the title of ''Dalawa'', which remained formally the highest ranking established office, though administratively impotent, was revived as a sinecure to sideline [[Raman Menon]] and remove him from the Diwanship. The office of Diwan existed until 1948, when it gave way to the office of [[Prime Minister of Travancore]].
''[[Ayin|ʿeyn]]'', meaning "eye", and indeed its shape originates simply as a drawing of a human eye (possibly inspired by the corresponding [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|Egyptian hieroglyph]], cf. [[Proto-Sinaitic script]]).
Its original sound value was that of a consonant, probably {{IPAblink|ʕ}}, the sound is represented by the cognate [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic letter]] [[ع|ع ''ʿayn'']].
 
==List of Diwans==
The use of this Phoenician letter for a vowel sound is due to the early [[Greek alphabet]]s, which adopted the letter as [[Omicron|O "omicron"]] to represent the vowel {{IPA|/o/}}.
The letter was adopted with this value in the [[Old Italic alphabets]], including the [[early Latin alphabet]].
In Greek, a variation of the form later came to distinguish this long sound ([[Omega]], meaning "large O") from the short o (Omicron, meaning "small o").
Greek omicron gave rise to the corresponding [[O (Cyrillic)|Cyrillic letter O]] and the early Italic letter to [[Odal (rune)|runic ᛟ]].
 
* Arumukan Pillai (1729–1736)
Even alphabets that are not derived from Semitic tend to have similar forms to represent this sound; for example, the creators of the [[Afaka script|Afaka]] and [[Ol Chiki script]]s, each invented in different parts of the world in the last century, both attributed their vowels for 'O' to the shape of the mouth when making this sound.{{original research inline|date=February 2013}}
* Nanu Pillai (1736–1737)
 
* [[Ramayyan Dalawa]] (1737–1756)
==Use in writing systems==
* Martandan bagavathi Pillai (1756–1763)
===English===
* [[Subbayyan Dalawa]] (1763–1768)
The letter {{angbr|o}} is the fourth [[Letter frequency|most common letter]] in the [[English alphabet]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.math.cornell.edu/~mec/2003-2004/cryptography/subs/frequencies.html|title=Frequency Table|website=www.math.cornell.edu}}</ref> Like the other English vowel letters, it has associated "long" and "short" pronunciations. The "long" {{angbr|o}} as in ''boat'' is actually most often a [[diphthong]] {{IPAc-en|oʊ}} (realized dialectically anywhere from {{IPA|[o]}} to {{IPA|[əʊ]}}). In English there is also a "short" {{angbr|o}} as in ''fox'', {{IPAc-en|ɒ}}, which sounds slightly different in different dialects. In most dialects of [[British English]], it is either an [[open-mid back rounded vowel]] {{IPA|[ɔ]}} or an [[open back rounded vowel]] {{IPA|[ɒ]}}; in [[American English]], it is most commonly an unrounded back {{IPA|[ɑ]}} to a central vowel {{IPA|[a]}}.
* Krishna Gopalayyan Iyyer (1768–1776)
 
* Vadiswaran Subbrahmanya Iyer (1776–1780)
Common [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] include {{angbr|oo}}, which represents either {{IPAc-en|uː}} or {{IPAc-en|ʊ}}; {{angbr|oi}} or {{angbr|oy}}, which typically represents the diphthong {{IPAc-en|ɔɪ}}, and {{angbr|ao}}, {{angbr|oe}}, and {{angbr|ou}} which represent a variety of pronunciations depending on context and etymology.
* Mullen Chempakaraman Pillai (1780–1782)
 
* Nagercoil Ramayyan (1782–1788)
In other contexts, especially before a letter with a [[minim (palaeography)|minim]], {{angbr|o}} may represent the sound {{IPAc-en|ʌ}}, as in 'son' or 'love'. It can also represent the [[semivowel]] {{IPAc-en|w}} as in ''choir'' or ''quinoa.''
* Krishnan Thampi (1788–1789)
 
* [[Raja Kesavadas]], also known as Kesava Pillai (1789–1798)
In English, the letter {{angbr|o}} in isolation before a noun, usually capitalized, marks the [[vocative case]], as in the titles to [[O Canada]] or [[O Captain! My Captain!]] or certain verses of the [[Bible]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=%22o+lord%22&qs_version=KJV |title=Quick search: "o lord" |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2013-12-05}}</ref>
* Odiery [[Jayanthan Sankaran Nampoothiri]] (1798–1799)
 
* [[Velu Thampi Dalawa]] (1799–1809)
===Other languages===
* Oommini Thampi (1809–1811)
[[File:Pronunciation of the name of the letter ⟨o⟩ in European languages.png|thumb|Pronunciation of the name of the letter {{angbr|o}} in European languages|305x305px|left]]
* [[John Munro, 9th of Teaninich|Col. John Munro]] (1811–1814)
 
* Devan Padmanabhan Menon (1814–1814)
{{angbr|o}} is commonly associated with the [[open-mid back rounded vowel]] {{IPA|[ɔ]}}, [[mid back rounded vowel]] {{IPA|[o̞]}} or [[close-mid back rounded vowel]] {{IPA|[o]}} in many languages. Other languages use {{angbr|o}} for various values, usually back vowels which are at least partly open. Derived letters such as {{angbr|[[ö]]}} and {{angbr|[[ø]]}} have been created for the alphabets of some languages to distinguish values that were not present in Latin and Greek, particularly rounded front vowels.
* Bappu Rao (acting; 1814–1815)
 
* Sanku Annavi Pillai (1815–1815)
===Other systems===
* [[Raman Menon]] (1815–1817)
In the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], {{angbr IPA|o}} represents the [[close-mid back rounded vowel]].
* [[Reddy Row]] (1817–1821)
 
* [[T. Venkata Rao]] (1821–1830)
==Related characters==
* [[Thanjavur Subha Rao]] (1830–1837)
<!-- Please only list characters (symbols in a writing system, but not just convenience code points in Unicode) that are actually related in terms of origin to the letter that is the topic of this article. Characters that merely look subjectively similar need not apply. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources before adding more. -->
* Ranga Rao (acting; 1837–1838)
 
* [[T. Venkata Rao]] (second time; 1838–1839)
===Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet===
* [[Thanjavur Subha Rao]] (second time; 1839–1842)
*Œ œ : Latin [[Œ|''OE'']] ligature
* [[Krishna Rao (administrator)|Krishna Rao]] (acting; 1842–1843)
*O with [[diacritic]]s: [[Ø|Ø ø]] [[Ǿ|Ǿ ǿ]] [[ᶱ]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf|title=L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS|date=2004-04-19|first=Peter|last=Constable}}</ref> [[Ö|Ö ö]] [[Ȫ|Ȫ ȫ]] [[Ó|Ó ó]] [[Ò|Ò ò]] [[circumflex|Ô ô]] [[Ố|Ố ố]] [[Ồ|Ồ ồ]] [[Ổ|Ổ ổ]] [[Ỗ|Ỗ ỗ]] [[Ộ|Ộ ộ]] [[caron|Ǒ ǒ]] [[double acute accent|Ő ő]] [[breve|Ŏ ŏ]] [[Ȏ|Ȏ ȏ]] [[Dot (diacritic)|Ȯ ȯ]] [[Ȱ|Ȱ ȱ]] [[Dot (diacritic)|Ọ ọ]] [[Ɵ|Ɵ ɵ]] [[Ơ|Ơ ơ]] [[Ớ|Ớ ớ]] [[Ờ|Ờ ờ]] [[Ỡ|Ỡ ỡ]] [[Ợ|Ợ ợ]] [[Ở|Ở ở]] [[Hook above|Ỏ ỏ]] [[Macron (diacritic)|Ō ō]] [[Ṓ|Ṓ ṓ]] [[Ṑ|Ṑ ṑ]] [[Õ|Õ õ]] [[Ȭ|Ȭ ȭ]] [[Ṍ|Ṍ ṍ]] [[Ṏ|Ṏ ṏ]] [[ogonek|Ǫ ǫ]] [[double grave accent|Ȍ ȍ]] O̩ o̩ Ó̩ ó̩ Ò̩ ò̩ [[Ǭ|Ǭ ǭ]]
* [[Reddy Row]] (second time; 1843–1845)
*Ꝍ ꝍ : O with loop was used in some [[North Germanic languages|medieval Nordic]] [[Orthography|orthographies]]<ref name="unicode2006">{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06027-n3027-medieval.pdf|title=L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS|date=2006-01-30|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|first2=Peter|last2=Baker|first3=António|last3=Emiliano|first4=Florian|last4=Grammel|first5=Odd Einar|last5=Haugen|first6=Diana|last6=Luft|first7=Susana|last7=Pedro|first8=Gerd|last8=Schumacher|first9=Andreas|last9=Stötzner}}</ref>
* Srinivasa Rao (acting; 1845–1846)
*ⱺ : Small o with low ring inside is used in the [[Swedish Dialect Alphabet]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06036-lma-proposal.pdf|title=L2/06-036: Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS|date=2006-01-26|first1=Therese|last1=Lemonen|first2=Klaas|last2=Ruppel|first3=Erkki I.|last3=Kolehmainen|first4=Caroline|last4=Sandström}}</ref>
* [[Krishna Rao (administrator)|Vemuri Krishna Rao]] (1846–1857)
*[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]-specific symbols related to O: {{IPA link|ɔ}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
*[[Uralic Phonetic Alphabet]]-specific symbols related to O:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf|title=L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS|date=2002-03-20|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|authorlink1=Michael Everson|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
! Name
**{{Unichar|1D0F|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL O}}
! Portrait
**{{Unichar|1D3C|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL O}}
! Took office
**{{Unichar|1D52|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL O}}
! Left office
**{{Unichar|1D11|LATIN SMALL LETTER SIDEWAYS O}}
! Term<ref name="term">The ordinal number of the term being served by the person specified in the row in the corresponding period</ref>
**{{Unichar|1D13|LATIN SMALL LETTER SIDEWAYS O WITH STROKE}}
|-
**{{Unichar|1D16|LATIN SMALL LETTER TOP HALF O}}
| [[T. Madhava Rao]]
**{{Unichar|1D17|LATIN SMALL LETTER BOTTOM HALF O}}
| [[File:Madhava Rao.jpg|75px]]
**{{Unichar|1D54|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TOP HALF O}}
| 1858
**{{Unichar|1D55|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL BOTTOM HALF O}}
| 1872
*[[Teuthonista]] phonetic transcription-specific symbols related to O:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf|title=L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS|date=2011-06-02|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|first2=Alois|last2=Dicklberger|first3=Karl|last3=Pentzlin|first4=Eveline|last4=Wandl-Vogt}}</ref>
| 1
**{{Unichar|AB3D|LATIN SMALL LETTER BLACKLETTER O}}
|-
**{{Unichar|AB3E|LATIN SMALL LETTER BLACKLETTER O WITH STROKE}}
| [[A. Seshayya Sastri]]
**{{Unichar|AB3F|LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O WITH STROKE}}
| [[File:Seshayya sastri.jpg|75px]]
**{{Unichar|AB43|LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED O OPEN-O}}
| 1872
**{{Unichar|AB44|LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED O OPEN-O WITH STROKE}}
| 1877
*ₒ : Subscript small o is used in [[Indo-European studies]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04191-n2788-laryngeals.pdf|title=L2/04-191: Proposal to encode six Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS|date=2004-06-07|first1=Deborah|last1=Anderson|first2=Michael|last2=Everson}}</ref>
| 1
 
|-
===Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations===
| [[Nanoo Pillai]]
* Ꝋ ꝋ : Forms of O were used for medieval [[scribal abbreviation]]s<ref name="unicode2006"/>
| [[File:No image.png|75px]]
*∅ : [[Empty set|empty set symbol]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jeff560.tripod.com/set.html|title=Earliest Uses of Symbols of Set Theory and Logic|website=jeff560.tripod.com}}</ref>
| 1877
*º : Masculine [[ordinal indicator]]
| 1880
 
| 1
===Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets===
|-
*𐤏 : [[Phoenician alphabet|Semitic]] letter [[Ayin]], from which the following symbols originally derive
| [[V. Ramiengar]]
**Ο ο : [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] letter [[Omicron]]
| [[File:V. Ramiengar.jpg|75px]]
***{{Script|Copt|Ⲟ ⲟ}} : [[Coptic alphabet|Coptic]] letter O, which derives from Greek omicron
| 1880
***О о : [[Cyrillic]] letter [[O (Cyrillic)|O]], which also derives from Omicron
| 1887
***𐌏 : [[Old Italic script|Old Italic]] O, which derives from Greek Omicron, and is the ancestor of modern Latin O
| 1
***Օ օ : [[Armenian alphabet|Armenian letter O]]{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
|-
 
| [[T. Rama Rao (administrator)|T. Rama Rao]]
{{anchor|Codes for computing}}
| [[File:T. Rama Rao.jpg|75px]]
 
| 1887
==Computing codes==
| 1892
{{charmap
| 1
| 004F | name1 = LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O
|-
| 006F| name2 = LATIN SMALL LETTER O
| [[S. Shungrasoobyer]]
| FF2F | name3 = FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O
|
| FF4F | name4 = FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER O
| 1892
| ifr| map1 = [[EBCDIC]] family | map1char1 = D6 | map1char2 = 96
| 1898
| map2 = [[ASCII]] <sup>g1</sup> | map2char1 = 4F | map2char2 = 6F
| 1
}}
|-
: <sup>1</sup> {{midsize|Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.}}
| [[K. Krishnaswamy Rao]]
 
| [[File:K. Krishnaswamy Rao.jpg|75px]]
==Other representations==
| 15 April 1898
{{Letter other reps
| 13 March 1904
|NATO=Oscar
| 1
|Morse=–––
|-
|Character=O
| [[V. P. Madhava Rao]]
|Braille=⠕
| [[File:V. P. Madhava Rao.jpg|75px]]
|fingerspelling=O
| 14 March 1904
}}
| 26 March 1906
| 1
|-
| [[S. Gopalachari]]
| [[File:No image.png|75px]]
| 16 August 1906
| 26 October 1907
| 1
|-
| [[P. Rajagopalachari]]
|
| 26 October 1907
| 11 May 1914
| 1
|-
| [[M. Krishnan Nair (politician)|M. Krishnan Nair]]
| [[File:No image.png|75px]]
| 11 May 1914
| 7 July 1920
| 1
|-
| [[T. Raghavaiah]]
| [[File:No image.png|75px]]
| 8 July 1920
| 18 May 1925
| 1
|-
| [[M. E. Watts]]
| [[File:No image.png|75px]]
| 1925
| 1929
| 1
|-
| [[V. S. Subramanya Iyer]]
| [[File:No image.png|75px]]
| 1929
| 1932
| 1
|-
| [[Thomas Austin (civil servant)|Thomas Austin]]
| [[File:No image.png|75px]]
| 1932
| 1934
| 1
|-
| [[Muhammad Habibullah]]
| [[File:MuhammadHabibullah.jpg|75px]]
| 1934
| 1936
| 1
|-
| [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]]
| [[File:CPRamaswami Aiyar 1939.jpg|75px]]
| 1936
| 1947
| 1
|-
| [[P. G. N. Unnithan]]
|
| 1947
| 1948
| 1
|-
|}
 
==See also==
* [[Prime Minister of Hyderabad]]
*[[Oxygen]] = O
* [[List of Diwans of Mysore]]
*[[O mark]]
*[[Open O]] (Ɔ ɔ)
 
==References==
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html#Travancore Travancore, Princely States of India], WorldStatesmen.org
 
;Specific
{{Reflist}}
{{Clear}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Diwans of Travancore, List of}}
==External links==
[[Category:Diwans of Travancore| ]]
{{Commons|O}}
[[Category:Lists of people from Kerala]]
{{Wiktionary|O}}
[[Category:India history-related lists]]
{{Wiktionary|o}}
[[Category:Kerala politics-related lists]]
 
{{Latin alphabet|O|}}
 
[[Category:ISO basic Latin letters]]
[[Category:Vowel letters]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O"